Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects

Health Insurance With Maternity Coverage - Antibiotics Classification And Side Effects

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What are Antibiotics?

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The word "antibiotics" comes from the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). Antibiotics are drugs that either destroy bacteria or preclude their reproduction. Antibiotics that kill bacteria are called "bactericidal" and the ones that stop the increase of bacteria are called "bacteriostatic".

Since penicillin's introduction while the 1940s, scientists developed numerous other antibiotics. Today, over 100 separate antibiotics are available. About 90% of antibiotics are made from living organisms such as bacteria, others are produced synthetically, either in whole or in part.

Antibiotics classification

Although there are any classification schemes for antibiotics, based on bacterial spectrum (broad, narrow) or route of administration (injectable, oral, topical), or type of action (bactericidal, bacteriostatic), the most beneficial is based on chemical structure. Antibiotics within a structural class will commonly have similar patterns of effectiveness, toxicity, and allergic potential.

Most commonly used types of antibiotics are: Penicillins, Fluoroquinolones, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines. While each class is composed of manifold drugs, each drug is unique in some way.

Penicillins

The penicillins are the oldest class of antibiotics. Penicillins have a common chemical buildings which they share with the cephalopsorins. Penicillins are commonly bactericidal, inhibiting formation of the cell wall.

There are four types of penicillins:
The natural pencillins are based on the traditional penicillin-G structure. Penicillin-G types are productive against gram-positive strains of streptococci, staphylococci, and some gram-negative bacteria such as meningococcus. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are active even in the proximity of the bacterial enzyme that inactivates most natural penicillins. Extended spectrum penicillins which are productive against a wider range of bacteria. Aminopenicillins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin have an extended spectrum of action compared with the natural penicillins.
Penicillins side effects

Penicillins are among the least toxic drugs known. The most common side result of penicillin is diarrhea. Nausea, vomiting, and upset stomach are also common. In rare cases penicillins can cause immediate and delayed allergic reactions - specifically, skin rashes, fever, and anaphylactic shock. Penicillins are classed as kind B while pregnancy.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins have a mechanism of action identical to that of the penicillins. However, the basic chemical buildings of the penicillins and cephalosporins differs in other respects, resulting in some contrast in the spectrum of antibacterial activity. Like the penicillins, cephalosporins interfere with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and so are bactericidal.

Cephalosporins are among the most diverse classes of antibiotics, they are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Each generation has a broader spectrum of action than the one before.

The first generation cephalosporins include: cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephradine, cephalexin, cefadroxil. Their spectrums of action are quite similar. They possess commonly exquisite coverage against most gram-positive pathogens and changeable to poor coverage against most gram negative pathogens.

The second generation cephalosporins include: cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefuroxime. In addition to the gram-positive spectrum of the first generation cephalosporins, these agents have expanded gram-negative spectrum. Cefoxitin and cefotetan also have good action against Bacteroides fragilis.

The third generation cephalosporins have much expanded gram-negative activity. However, some members of this group have decreased action against gram-positive organisms. The third generation cephalosporins include: cefcapene, cefdaloxime, cefditoren, cefetamet, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefodizime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpimizole, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone. They have the advantage of favorable dosing schedules, but they are expensive.

The fourth generation cephalosporins are extended-spectrum agents with similar action against gram-positive organisms as first-generation cephalosporins. They also have a greater resistance to beta-lactamases (bacterial enzymes that may destroy antibiotic before it can do its work) than the third generation cephalosporins. Many fourth generation cephalosporins can cross blood brain barricade and are productive in meningitis. The fourth generation cephalosporins include: cefclidine, cefepime, cefluprenam, cefozopran, cefpirome, cefquinome.

Cephalosporin side effects

Cephalosporins commonly cause few side effects. common side effects connected these drugs include: diarrhoea, nausea, mild stomach cramps or upset. Almost 5Ц10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins will also have cross-reactivity with cephalosporins. Thus, cephalosporin antibiotics are contraindicated in population with a history of allergic reactions (urticaria, anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis, etc) to penicillins or cephalosporins. Cephalosporin antibiotics are classed as pregnancy kind B.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are the most recent class of antibiotics. Their generic name often contains the root "floxacin". They are synthetic antibiotics that belong to the family of antibiotics called quinolones. The older quinolones are not well absorbed and are used to treat mostly urinary tract infections. The newer fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum bacteriocidal drugs that are chemically unrelated to the penicillins or the cephaloprosins. Because of their exquisite absorption fluoroquinolones can be administered not only by intravenous but orally as well.

Commonly used fluoroquinolones comprise ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin.

Fluoroquinolones side effects

Fluoroquinolones are well tolerated and relatively safe. The most common side effects comprise nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Other more serious but less common side effects are central nervous law effects (headache, obscuring and dizziness), phototoxicity (more common with lomefloxacin and sparfloxacin). All drugs in this class have been connected with convulsions. Fluoroquinolones are classed as pregnancy kind C.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines got their name because they share a chemical buildings that has four rings. They are derived from a species of Streptomyces bacteria. Tetracycline antibiotics are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents, that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Tetracyclines may be productive against a wide variety of microorganisms, together with rickettsia and amebic parasites.

Tetracyclines are used in the rehabilitation of infections of the respiratory tract, sinuses, middle ear, urinary tract, skin, intestines. Tetracyclines also are used to treat Gonorrhoea. Their most common current use is in the rehabilitation of moderately severe acne and rosacea.

The most commonly prescribed tetracycline antibiotics are: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline.

Tetracycline side effects

Drugs in the tetracycline class come to be toxic over time. Expired drugs can cause a risky syndrome resulting in damage to the kidneys.

Common side effects connected with tetracyclines comprise cramps or burning of the stomach, diarrhea, sore mouth or tongue. Tetracyclines can cause skin photosensitivity, which increases the risk of sunburn under exposure to Uv light. This may be of single importance for those intending to take on holidays long-term doxycyline as a malaria prophylaxis. Rarely, tetracyclines may cause allergic reactions. Very rarely severe sick and foresight problems may be signs of risky secondary intracranial hypertension.

Tetracycline antibiotics should not be used in children under the age of 8, and specifically while periods of tooth development. Tetracyclines are classed as pregnancy kind D. Use while pregnancy may cause alterations in bone development.

Macrolides

The macrolide antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces bacteria, and got their name because they all have a macrocyclic lactone chemical structure. The macrolides are bacteriostatic, binding with bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Erythromycin, the prototype of this class, has a spectrum and use similar to penicillin. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory tract infections (such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, and bronchitis), genital, gastrointestinal tract, and skin infections.

The most commonly prescribed macrolide antibiotics are: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin.

Macrolides side effects

Side effects connected with macrolides comprise nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; infrequently, there may be temporary auditory impairment. Azithromycin has been rarely connected with allergic reactions, together with angioedema, anaphylaxis, and dermatologic reactions. Oral erythromycin may be extremely irritating to the stomach and when given by injection may cause severe phlebitis. Macrolide antibiotics should be used with caution in patients with liver dysfunction. pregnancy kind B: Azithromycin, erythromycin. pregnancy kind C: Clarithromycin, dirithromycin, troleandomycin.

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